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Puducherry Current Affairs. Punjab Current Affairs. Rajasthan Current Affairs. Sikkim Current Affairs. Tamil Nadu Current Affairs. Telangana Current Affairs. Tripura Current Affairs. Uttarakhand Current Affairs. Uttar Pradesh Current Affairs. West Bengal Current Affairs. November October September Transplacental transmission of the virus. The finding of large, multinucleated, clumps of cells in the bronchial secretions of a 2-year-old girl with acute bronchopneumonia suggests that this infection is caused by a.
Bordetella pertusis b. Epstein-Barr virus c. Mycoplasma hominis d. Rhinovirus e. Respiratory syncytial virus RSV. All of the following picornaviruses are resistant to the acidity of the stomach except: a. Coxsackievirus A b. Coxsackievirus B c. Echovirus d. Poliovirus e. A divorced mother of four tests positive for HIV-1 Infection during an investigation of a febrile illness with disseminated lymphadenopathy. A second enzyme immunoassay EIA is performed, and the results are the same.
The woman denies intravenous drug use. She has dated several men since her divorce and can not be positive about their sexual habits or use of intravenous drugs. What is the appropriate next step in the management of this patient? Treatment with zidovudine azidothymidine, AZT b. The public health authorities should be notified d. A western blot immunoblot test should be ordered e.
The patient should be reassured and told that her disease is probably unrelated to AIDS. In a chronic carrier of hepatitis B virus HBV , which positive test is most indicative of high infectivity?
Hepatitis B e Antigen HbeAg d. Anti-HBsAg e. A retrovirus is found in a high proportion in laboratory animals of a given species. Most viremic animals are asymptomatic, but others develop a fatal wasting syndrome, and a few develop leukemia and other tumors after long periods of latency. The virus in question most likely lacks which one of the following genes? A sexually active year-old college student presents to the local clinic with a localized vesicular eruption on the shaft of his penis.
A scraping of the base of one of the vesicles is positive for Tzanck cells. The presence of virus may be detected by CPE as well as haemadsoption, and presence of viral particles and antigen. Comments Denaturation, annealing, and ligation steps occur in LCR.
PCR consists of Denaturation, annealing, and extension steps. Therefore these techniques are extremely liable to contamination and are more sensitive than branched DNA, where linear amplification occurs. Comments Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is usually made by the Paul-Bunell where heterophil antibodies are detected and by the detection of EBV-IgM.
VCA-IgG avidity test may be used to confirm equivocal cases. Detection of elevated titres of VCA-IgA correlates with an increased risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is used as a screening test. Seroconversion against EBNA does not take place until months after the initial illness. Viruses that routinely establish latent infections in human sensory ganglia include.
Comments All the above herpesviruses can cause latent infections. The following viruses are associated with respiratory infections. Comments Rotaviruses cause diarrhoea. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and tropical spastic paraparesis.
Comments Although enteroviruses may be found in faeces, they are not associated with gastroenteritis. The other viruses are associated with gastroenteritis. Comments Influenza A H5N1 is otherwise known as the "bird flu" It afflicted Hong Kong in late and was transmitted from poultry to humans.
Hantaviruses is transmitted from rodents to humans and rabies can be transmitted from various mammals to humans. Rubella and measles are transmitted via respiratory droplets. The following may be useful for prognostic purposes in HIV-infected individuals.
Comments HIV envelope antibody remains high throughout the course of HIV infections and thus does not carry any prognostic value. HIV-p24 antigen had been widely used in the past as a prognostic marker but it has been superseded by HIV viral load.
CD4 count plays an important role in telling us what stage the disease is at. The following markers are usually present in a hepatitis B carrier with chronic active hepatitis. HbsAg is present. Anti-HbcIgM is normally absent although it may occasionally be detected during periods of exacerbations.
True Enteroviruses are one of the commonest causes of CNS infections in childhood. False Electron microscopy of the cerebrospinal fluid CSF is a useful diagnostic test. Comments Meningitis usually occurs together with encephalitis. Enteroviruses are one of the commonest causes of CNS infections in childhood. Electron microscopy is too insensitive to be useful as a diagnostic test. The detection of antibody in the CSF is a useful diagnostic marker.
False The rash caused by parvovirus B19 is due to the presence of virus in the skin. Comments Varicella-zoster virus VZV infection may cause a vesicular rash.
The rash caused by parvovirus B19 is probably an allergic reaction due to the deposition of immune complexes. Measles is usually diagnosed by serology. Herpes simplex virus HSV infection is usually diagnosed by viral culture. VZV can be grown in cell culture although this is rarely used for diagnosis.
False Can have serious side effects when occurring in a woman in the third trimester of pregnancy. True May be acquired by having close contact with an infant with congenital rubella syndrome. Comments Rubella infection can be asymptomatic. It may be indistinguishable clinically from parvovirus B19 infection. The most serious effects occur when a pregnant woman is infected in the first trimester of pregnancy. It is usually preventable by vaccination. Infants with congenital rubella syndrome pose a great infectious risk since they may excrete virus in great quantities up to 1 year of age.
Comments Rubella immunity may be determined by an enzyme immunoassay. CFT is not commonly used for the diagnosis of rubella infection; Haemagglutination-inhibition tests are. IgM antibody is usually detectable after the onset of rash Rubella virus can be cultured although this is rarely used as a method of diagnosis. Pre-natal diagnosis of rubella in a foetus such as amniocentesis involve some degree of risk to the fetus.
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